As one of the world's most populous cities, it makes perfect sense that Tokyo would have two major airports, Narita (NRT) and Haneda (HND). Today we’re going to take a look at the ...Keep Japan Beautiful, Get Tattooed! That's the motto of Three Tides Tattoo, the top destination for body art in the Land of the Rising Sun. ... Walk down Harajuku Dori and you’ll find the shop kitty corner to the massive A Bathing Ape boutique. The tattoo shop itself is actually quite small; two tattoo artists working on customers plus the ...Teenagers dance the twist around a radio cassette recorder in a street in the Harajuku district of Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan, 1978. Keystone / Hulton Archive / Getty Images ...Located on Harajuku's iconic Takeshita-dori, this café is home to Mame Shiba Inu, a smaller version of Japan's popular Shiba Inu dog. The homely, traditional atmosphere of the café, with tatami ...1. Discover some contemporary art Art Galleries Harajuku Nanzuka Underground finally has a bigger and better space – a dedicated flagship gallery in its very own building. A big move from its...30-8 Udagawacho, Shibuya 150-0042 Tokyo Prefecture. There are countless opportunities to shop in the Shibuya and Harajuku districts, especially in shops that focus on Japan's "Kawaii" culture. The trendiest areas are around Shibuya’s Center district, Harajuku's Takeshita-dori and in Omotesando. If you need to recharge from all the shopping ...Shibuya and Harajuku districts, especially in shops that focus on Japan's "Kawaii" culture. The trendiest areas are around Shibuya’s Center district, Harajuku's Takeshita-dori and in Omotesando. If you need to recharge from all the shopping, you can easily refresh yourself in Meiji Jingu or Sasaki Park. In contrast,In Tokyo's lively Harajuku shopping district, LINE Friends Store is a cute store and home base for fans of the Line app and its characters. ... Line is Japan’s largest communication network, the Asian variant of WhatsApp, with 700 million active users, mostly living in Asia. ... Shibuya, Tokyo 150-0001 03-6434-0597. linefriends.jp. Book your ...Oct 10, 2019 · CNN —. Atop almost every Tokyo visitor’s must-see list, Harajuku is one of the city’s most name-checked neighborhoods. And for good reason. An internationally renowned fashion district, it ... Children under 12 years old must be accompanied by parents.(Under 15 years of age at Harajuku Terrace and Asakusa.) ... Harry has 6 stores in Japan. ... Tokyo, Shibuya-ku, Jingumae 1-6-12, ITO Building 3F 3min from Harajuku Sta. OPEN.1 of 21. Ground Zero. Start from the historic 1906 Harajuku Station. It is easy to get distracted from Harajuku Station to Harajuku Bell Pier and Cat Street, but this step by step guide will keep you on the straight and narrow. From the historic JR Railway Station, head south past the modern subway exit and up on the overhead crossing.16. Shibuya 109. Located near the Shibuya crossing, this shopping mall is bright and clean, offers lot of things mainly to the young... 17. Museum of Yebisu Beer. The Ebisu Beer Museum is a great place to learn about beer history in Japan. Once you arrive at the grand entrance area...1 Jingumae, Shibuya 150-0001 Tokyo Prefecture. Neighborhood: Shibuya / Harajuku / Ebisu. There are countless opportunities to shop in the Shibuya and Harajuku districts, especially in shops that focus on Japan's …May 10, 2022 · Phone: 03-6721-1963. Hours: Monday - Friday 12:00pm–6:00pm | Saturday - Sunday 11:00am–6:00pm. To wrap it up, even if some of the more popular attractions (like the Kawaii Monster Cafe) in this area have come and gone in the last few years, there’s always going to be a new attraction to come to take its place. Located in Tokyo, this welcoming vacation home lets you experience it all. Make short work of the 4-minute drive to Tokyo Tower or the 3-minute drive to Shibuya Crossing. Check out other neighborhoods and see more of Tokyo by hopping on a metro at... View more details. ¥368,000. 1. 64 Sq M. Qnz EBISU, Ebisu-dori Street, Ebisu 4-chome, Shibuya ... Planning a trip to Japan is an exciting endeavor, and one of the key factors in ensuring a memorable experience is crafting the perfect itinerary. With its rich history, vibrant cu...See way to experience (1) 11. Tokyo Camii & Turkish Culture Center. 262. Religious Sites. Tokyo Camii, also known as Tokyo Mosque, is a mosque with an adjoining Turkish culture center located in the Ōyama-chō district of Shibuya ward in Tokyo, Japan.Day 1: Harajuku and Shibuya. From food to fashion to the unexpected, Harajuku is a fun and quirky spot for kids. Meiji Shrine. Start the day with a visit to the Meiji Shrine, dedicated to Emperor Meiji, the first Emperor of modern Japan.1 Jingumae, Shibuya 150-0001 Tokyo Prefecture. There are countless opportunities to shop in the Shibuya and Harajuku districts, especially in shops that focus on Japan's "Kawaii" culture. The trendiest areas are around Shibuya’s Center district, Harajuku's Takeshita-dori and in Omotesando. If you need to recharge from all the shopping, you ... 21-1 Udagawacho, Shibuya 150-0042 Tokyo Prefecture. There are countless opportunities to shop in the Shibuya and Harajuku districts, especially in shops that focus on Japan's "Kawaii" culture. The trendiest areas are around Shibuya’s Center district, Harajuku's Takeshita-dori and in Omotesando. If you need to recharge from all the shopping ...Kawaii Food Tour of Harajuku Tokyo. 24. Recommended. 91% of reviewers gave this product a bubble rating of 4 or higher. ... There are countless opportunities to shop in the Shibuya and Harajuku districts, especially in shops that focus on Japan's "Kawaii" culture. The trendiest areas are around Shibuya’s Center district, Harajuku's Takeshita ...Apr 14, 2023 · Located in the bustling Shibuya neighborhood of Tokyo, and within walking distance to Takeshita Street in Harajuku, Meiji Shrine (or Meiji Jingu) is a serene and stunning Shinto shrine that pays tribute to Emperor Meiji and Empress Shoken, who played a significant role in modernizing Japan during the late 1800s. Từ những năm 1970, khi tư duy thời trang của Tokyo chuyển mình từ Shibuya và những màn trình diễn nhạc rock đầy ngẫu hứng xuất hiện vào mỗi Chủ Nhật, Harajuku đã trở thành một khu vực đại diện cho bối cảnh thời trang đường phố dành cho giới trẻ của Nhật Bản. Từ những “cô gái Lolita” mang tính biểu ...The main shop that we visited is in Harajuku Omotesando. To get there by train take: JR Yamanote Line Harajuku Station – approx. 5-min. walk from the Omotesando Exit; Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line Omotesando Station – approx. 4-min. walk from Exit B4; Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line Meiji-jingumae Station – approx. 3-min. walk from Exit 4.9 Jun 2019 ... 1-Day Western Tokyo, Japan Itinerary: Shinjuku, Harajuku & Shibuya · Shibuya · Harajuku · Urban Park & Shrine · Shinjuku Gyoen Na...9. Discover the true story of Hachiko, the statue outside Shibuya Station. Thanks to this famous statue outside Shibuya Station, and also to movies like Richard Gere’s movie Hachi: A Dog’s Tale, which was adapted from the true story of Hachiko, this loyal pooch has become one of the most famous in the world.The one I visited was in Harajuku and it was absolutely beautiful. It is very spacious and really allows the cats to run freely. Oh, and the cats were crazy adorable too. ... Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 1-14-25 cross Avenue Harajuku fourth floor ... Japan Travel is the leading resource for Japan travel information and the primary destination for visitors ...Being in a dense and over-stimulating city like Tokyo can wear you down, but you can rejuvenate with a visit to Meiji Shrine (Meiji-jingū). The entrance to this super famous shrine is right by Harajuku Station. You’ll pass through a series of torii (shrine gates) along the wooded approach to the shrine complex.Nov 18, 2022 · Essentially, Harajuku Tokyo is the area around Harajuku Station, which is conveniently located between two other famous Tokyo train stations - Shinjuku and Shibuya. These stations are dotted along Tokyo's Yamanote line - commonly used by commuters in the city and take people to Tokyo's most famous areas. May 8, 2016 · 1 of 26. The Laforet building. Located in the trendy Harajuku commercial and entertainment district of the Shibuya neighborhood, you can find Laforet, a multi-level department store and museum mainly focussed on the young and cool. The pop up stores include well known Japanese clothing brands, up and coming Japanese designers selling all things ... 12 Feb 2023 ... Two of Shibuya's most popular neighbourhoods, Harajuku and Omotesando ... 10 ...The area. 6-1-9 Jingumae, Shibuya 150-0001 Tokyo Prefecture. Neighborhood: Shibuya / Harajuku / Ebisu. There are countless opportunities to shop in the Shibuya and Harajuku districts, especially in shops that focus on Japan's "Kawaii" culture. The trendiest areas are around Shibuya’s Center district, Harajuku's Takeshita-dori and in Omotesando. Experiences. Shibuya (渋谷) is one of the 23 city wards of Tokyo, but often refers to just the popular shopping and entertainment area found around Shibuya Station. In this regard, Shibuya is one of Tokyo's most colorful and busy districts, packed with shopping, dining and nightclubs serving swarms of visitors that come to the district everyday. The store sells goods such as furniture, storage boxes, bins, homeware, clothing, bags, shoes, fashion accessories, jewelry, stationery and vintage goods, all at great prices. It's located in the Gyre building (2F) in Harajuku, only three minutes from Meiji-jingumae Station (take Exit 4) on the Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line.神宮前1-13-21 シャンゼール原宿2号館4F Shibuya, 東京都 〒150-0001 Japan. Suggest an edit. Collections Including Hedgehog Cafe HARRY HARAJUKU. 20. Tokyo In a Week. By Ashley S. 13. Tokyo Takeover . By Amber T. 36. Tokyo, Japan. By Jovete E. 24. ... Things To Do In Japan-Tokyo. By Jason Y. 47.This Harajuku shop stocks an eclectic range of clothing (Photo: Michelle Madden) Going to Harajuku is an incredible and surreal experience for anyone new to Tokyo. It is the place to go in search of …Read this helpful guide & add DAISO TOKYO 100 yen store Harajuku to your Tokyo bucket list for kawaii souvenirs & cheap green tea kit kats! Skip to Content. Search Search for: ... Daiso Address: 1 Chome-19-24 Jingumae, Shibuya, Tokyo 150-0001, Japan Telephone: 03-5775-9641 Daiso Opening Hours: 10am to 9pm daily Daiso website: TBC. …Mickey & Friends Cafe. For fans of all things Disney, a special Mickey and Friends pop up café event is headed to Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya this Febru.. Step into the world of youth subculture and quirky fashion in Harajuku, where you will be greeted by groups of teenagers in the wildest outfits. This is one of Tokyo's vibrant towns — a ...Japan's central bank has announced a planned review of its longtime easy money policy as the Bank of Japan wrapped up its first interest rate meeting under new Governor Kazuo U...Shared micromobility company Luup has raised $8 million (1 billion yen) in debt and asset financing to meet the growing demands of Japan’s micromobility market, which according to ...Feb 13, 2024 · 3. After crossing the bridge you will arrive at Yoyogi Park, one of the best things to see in Harajuku! 4. Visit Meiji Shrine within Yoyogi Park, one of the most beautiful temple in Tokyo! 5. Walk through Omotesando, the Champ Élysées of Tokyo. 6. Check out Omotesando Hills, one of the most beautiful mall in Tokyo. 7. India has sent a delegation to Tokyo to try and learn from Japan’s success in building infrastructure such as roads, railways, bridges and electric power. India has sent a delegati...Harajuku is the fun and quirky center of fashion, food and youth culture. Harajuku is a lively shopping district around Harajuku Station, next to Shibuya Station on the Yamanote Line. Teens flock from all over Japan to check the latest trends, street food and pop culture. Takeshita Street (Takeshita Dori) is its center, and the place to see the ... Address: 150-0001, 4-31-12 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan Opening Hours: 11am – 9pm. Shopping in Harajuku is fun because you never know what new (and sometimes weird) findings you may come across. From the cute and obscure to well known upscale fashion brands, Harajuku is a place to indulge and express yourself any way you like it. Plenty of territory to cover. Yoyogi is one of the biggest parks in Tokyo , featuring wide-open lawns for picnics and several gorgeous bodies of water. It's also near a number of Harajuku hotspots, including Takeshita Street and Meiji-jingu Shrine . * The information on this page may be subject to change due to COVID-19.Jun 23, 2014 · Information. Togo Shrine. 1 Chome-5-3 Jingūmae, Shibuya City, Tokyo ( Directions ) togojinja.or.jp. Just off of Harajuku's busy fashion focused Takeshita Street lays the Togo Shrine. The bus journey time between Shibuya and Harajuku is around 7 min and covers a distance of around 965 meters. Operated by Toei Bus, the Shibuya to Harajuku bus service departs from 宮下公園 and arrives in 原宿駅前. Typically 153 buses run weekly, although weekend and holiday schedules can vary so check in advance. 153 Weekly …4-26-31 Jingumae, Shibuya 150-0001 Tokyo Prefecture. Neighborhood: Shibuya / Harajuku / Ebisu. There are countless opportunities to shop in the Shibuya and Harajuku districts, especially in shops that focus on Japan's "Kawaii" culture. The trendiest areas are around Shibuya’s Center district, Harajuku's Takeshita-dori and in Omotesando.What companies run services between Shibuya (Station), Tokyo, Japan and Harajuku, Tokyo, Japan? JR-East operates a train from Shibuya to Harajuku every 5 minutes. Tickets cost ¥55 - ¥190 and the journey takes 3 min. Alternatively, Toei Bus operates a bus from 渋谷駅東口 to 表参道 every 15 minutes. Tickets cost ¥210 and the journey ...May 27, 2020 · Japanese Street Fashion. Harajuku established itself in the 1990s as the meeting place for young Japanese people who were discouraged by mass consumption and the standardization of frantic globalization. The faithful of the Harajuku district want to carry an offbeat culture, both in clothing and music. In this district of Harajuku, young people ... Harajuku. As well as being Japan's centre of fashion, Harajuku is also where the biggest geeks and most extravagantly dressed people in Tokyo hang out. Harajuku is the most fashionable neighbourhood in Tokyo. In its main streets you can find both the most prestigious and high-end boutiques, and shops with some of the most bizarre clothing …1. Discover some contemporary art Art Galleries Harajuku Nanzuka Underground finally has a bigger and better space – a dedicated flagship gallery in its very own building. A big move from its...Feb 13, 2024 · 3. After crossing the bridge you will arrive at Yoyogi Park, one of the best things to see in Harajuku! 4. Visit Meiji Shrine within Yoyogi Park, one of the most beautiful temple in Tokyo! 5. Walk through Omotesando, the Champ Élysées of Tokyo. 6. Check out Omotesando Hills, one of the most beautiful mall in Tokyo. 7. Experiences. Shibuya (渋谷) is one of the 23 city wards of Tokyo, but often refers to just the popular shopping and entertainment area found around Shibuya Station. In this regard, Shibuya is one of Tokyo's most colorful and busy districts, packed with shopping, dining and nightclubs serving swarms of visitors that come to the district everyday. Tokyo is located on Tokyo Bay in the Kanto region of Honshu, Japan’s largest island. The closest airport airports are Haneda officially known as Tokyo International Airport, and Narita Airport, Japan's largest international airport. Tokyo is known for its fashion and shopping, from the trendy shopping districts of Harajuku and Shibuya, to the luxury …This is a edited version of the 2024 video. For BGV.This video shows walking in Shibuya, Harajuku, Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, Akihabara, Ueno, Omotesando, etc.9. Discover the true story of Hachiko, the statue outside Shibuya Station. Thanks to this famous statue outside Shibuya Station, and also to movies like Richard …9 Apr 2023 ... On this one-day trip, we go from Shinjuku to Harajuku on foot, exploring different sides of Tokyo, from the bustling cityscapes to the ...Oct 4, 2023 · Update: Oct 04, 2023. 24. Harajuku and Shibuya are two most energetic and vibrant districts in Tokyo! From shopping Kawaii fashion items to the famous scramble crossing, let’s explore Harajuku and Shibuya in one full day! *Please note that this article contains affiliate links. 27 Jun 2023 ... shinjuku #harajuku #shibuya #tokyo #japan #tokyoguide #yakitori #crepe #travelingwithtoddlers Tokyo is one of the most exciting and ...Nov 18, 2014 · Community writer. With over 137 franchise restaurants all over Tokyo, Tendon Tenya is the place to go if you want to eat cheap but good quality Tempura. Tendon, is an abbreviation for “Tempura” (deep fried fish and vegetables), and “Donburi” (a bowl dish consisting of anything you can imagine such as meat, fish and vegetables, served ... Ginza. Shinjuku. Harajuku. Tokyo offers visitors a seemingly unlimited choice of shopping, entertainment, culture and dining. Shibuya, Ginza, Shinjuku and Harajuku are regarded …Harajuku. As well as being Japan's centre of fashion, Harajuku is also where the biggest geeks and most extravagantly dressed people in Tokyo hang out. Harajuku is the most fashionable neighbourhood in Tokyo. In its main streets you can find both the most prestigious and high-end boutiques, and shops with some of the most bizarre clothing you ... Shibuya Crossing. Known as the busiest intersection in the world, Shibuya Crossing is one of Tokyo's most famous experiences. With over 2,500 people crossing at any one time, around 250,000 people cross this intersection each day. Home to the famous Hachiko Statue, and youth-driven culture, the crossing is a marvel of motion.Isuzu Motors Limited is one of the world’s leading automotive manufacturers, with a long and proud history of producing reliable and efficient vehicles. The company’s head office i...Address: 150-0001, 4-31-12 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan Opening Hours: 11am – 9pm. Shopping in Harajuku is fun because you never know what new (and sometimes weird) findings you may come across. From the cute and obscure to well known upscale fashion brands, Harajuku is a place to indulge and express yourself any way you like it. May 18, 2013 · 1 of 18. Going towards Cat Street by walking along Omotesando Street. Weekends are sure to be crowded, so avoid going if you dislike crowds. But I'd recommend going at least once just to people-watch. 'Cat Street' is a misleading but apt nickname for the Ura-Harajuku shopping street. Several theories exist, one being the legend of a black cat ... The one I visited was in Harajuku and it was absolutely beautiful. It is very spacious and really allows the cats to run freely. Oh, and the cats were crazy adorable too. ... Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 1-14-25 cross Avenue Harajuku fourth floor ... Japan Travel is the leading resource for Japan travel information and the primary destination for visitors ...As one of the world's most populous cities, it makes perfect sense that Tokyo would have two major airports, Narita (NRT) and Haneda (HND). Today we’re going to take a look at the ...12 Feb 2023 ... Two of Shibuya's most popular neighbourhoods, Harajuku and Omotesando ... 10 ...Move over Ginza! Shibuya is rapidly replacing the glamorous department store district as the new center of Tokyo’s fashion scene. Shibuya’s Harajuku district has already reached international fame. But this area is only the start. Shibuya’s Omotesando shopping street is known as the “Champs-Élysées” of Tokyo – a tribute not only ...Harajuku is close to a variety of hotels, with choices such as Hotel Fukudaya and Cerulean Tower Tokyu Hotel. Agoda.com's secure on-line booking form provides a ...19 May 2017 ... In Tokyo, it's almost a ritual for every visitor to cross the iconic Shibuya(渋谷) Crossing on the way to a department store, or to search ...10,305 views. Published on October 4, 2023. Share. Share via Facebook. Share via Twitter. Share via email. Share via SMS. Embed on my site.Harajuku Gyozaro, Shibuya: See 1,381 unbiased reviews of Harajuku Gyozaro, rated 4 of 5 on Tripadvisor and ranked #32 of 7,852 restaurants in Shibuya. ... 6-2-4 Jingumae, Shibuya 150-0001 Tokyo Prefecture. Shibuya / Harajuku / Ebisu. 0.2 miles from Omotesando. Website +81 3-3406-5721. ... that focus on Japan's "Kawaii" culture. …The area. 1-13-12 Jingumae, Shibuya 150-0001 Tokyo Prefecture. Neighborhood: Shibuya / Harajuku / Ebisu. There are countless opportunities to shop in the Shibuya and Harajuku districts, especially in shops that focus on Japan's "Kawaii" culture. The trendiest areas are around Shibuya’s Center district, Harajuku's Takeshita-dori and in Omotesando.Harajuku Station (原宿駅, Harajuku-eki) is a railway station in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East). The station takes its name from the area on its eastern side, Harajuku. Lines. This station is …Never fear, Takeshita Street, stretching 250 meters from in front of Harajuku Station to Meiji Dori (on the other side of which it becomes Harajuku Street) will come to your rescue every time. According to the …Flanked by two big districts in Tokyo, Shibuya and Shinjuku, Harajuku Station is the gateway for those who want to experience Japan’s latest pop culture while soaking up the unique atmosphere of the area. Here visitors will almost certainly run into the many teenagers that daringly wear unique clothes and attire, while enjoying browsing …
1 minute on foot. Phone Number 03-5468-7030. View Details. 2. AMORE Gentleman Omotesando. AMORE Gentleman Omotesando is a vintage shop in Omotesando specializing in menswear. They are the sister store of AMORE Vintage, and present an unrivaled stock of menswear, which is a surprising rarity in Tokyo’s vintage …. Who is the most well known person in the world
By Francesco Agresti. Community writer. Follow. +4. Directions ) 03 3404 5405. kyushujangara.co.jp. Kyushu Jangara is a Hakata ramen chain restaurant, offering the highest caliber tonkotsu ramen in Tokyo. The store also features a couple of vegan options. It was our first trip together in Japan for two weeks, including three days each in Kyoto and Osaka. We spent a couple of days and last few days in Tokyo. So on the first full day we …Harajuku, often described as a heart of Japanese youth culture, attracts many visitors from Japan and abroad for the Kawaii Culture.However, Harajuku has many more reasons for being one of the …Cat Street (キャットストリート, Kyattosutorīto) is an approximately half-mile street in Tokyo, Japan. The street meanders within Harajuku and Shibuya. [1] According to Time Out Tokyo, "Cat Street is the spiritual home of Tokyo’s vibrant street fashion culture. While the strip has been steadily heading upmarket over the past few ...Yebisu Gardens was built on the site of an old Yebisu Brewery that dated back to1890. 11. Tokyo Camii & Turkish Culture Center. Tokyo Camii, also known as Tokyo Mosque, is a mosque with an adjoining Turkish culture center located in the Ōyama-chō district of Shibuya ward in Tokyo, Japan.Laforet Harajuku by night, with the Meiji-dori Omotesando intersection in the lower foreground. Laforet Harajuku (ラフォーレ原宿, Rafōre Harajuku) is a department store, residence, and museum complex located in the Harajuku commercial and entertainment district of the Shibuya neighborhood, in Tokyo, Japan.. Constructed over part of the old …A unique experience with a room of owls. If you are on the eccentric streets of Harajuku and feel like experiencing something unique, stop by the Harajuku Owl’s Forest. Different types of owls sit among the tree branches in an enclosed space. With a fee of only ¥680 customers are free to pet the owls and take photographs with them.Harajuku (原宿 in Japanese) is a station located between Shibuya and Shinjuku on the JR Yamanote loop line around central Tokyo. Many people get off the train at Harajuku Station to visit such popular spots as Yoyogi Park, Meiji Shrine and Omotesando, a boulevard of luxury brands and other high-end shopping experiences.May 18, 2013 · 1 of 18. Going towards Cat Street by walking along Omotesando Street. Weekends are sure to be crowded, so avoid going if you dislike crowds. But I'd recommend going at least once just to people-watch. 'Cat Street' is a misleading but apt nickname for the Ura-Harajuku shopping street. Several theories exist, one being the legend of a black cat ... Nov 10, 2015 · The LINE Friends Store in Harajuku represents all that can be found in the app, mostly focusing on the main characters and the Line logo. Two floors are filled with plush toys, mugs, shirts, phone cases, figurines and, not to forget, real life stickers! Also you can enjoy a lot of thematic consistency throughout the shop since the designers did ... 22. Visit the Yebisu Beer Museum. Located in Tokyo’s vibrant Shibuya district, the Yebisu Beer Museum offers a captivating journey through the history and brewing process of one of Japan’s most iconic beers. The museum showcases the rich heritage of Yebisu beer, which dates back to 1887.Planning a trip to Japan is an exciting endeavor, and one of the key factors in ensuring a memorable experience is crafting the perfect itinerary. With its rich history, vibrant cu....